Section 93: Proof of signature and handwriting and electronic signature (as amended by Section 4 of the Evidence Act (Amendment) Act, 2023).

1 If a document is alleged to be signed or to have been written wholly or in part by any person, the signature or the handwriting of so much of the document as is alleged to be in that person's handwriting must be proved to be in his handwriting.

2 Where a rule of evidence requires a signature, or provides for certain consequences if a document is not signed; an electronic signature or digital signature satisfies that rule of law or avoids those consequences.

3 An electronic signature or digital signature may be proved in any manner, including by showing that a procedure existed by which it is necessary for a person, in order to proceed further with a transaction to have executed a symbol or security procedure for the purpose of verifying that an electronic record is that of the person.